Encoding a Coxeter graph / encoding a Coxeter group

The Coxeter group acting on a n-dimensional space is specified by giving its Coxeter graph or Coxeter diagram with d vertices. In order to name its vertices, you have the following two possibilities:

use integers between 1 and d
use custom labels: the name of each vertex can contain letters, digits, - and _ (but no space)

The graph is written in a file as follows:

First line [mandatory]: d, n
Where d is the number of vertices of the graph and n is the dimension.
Remark: The dimension is optional (see remark below).
Second line [optional]: name of the vertices
Remark: If this line is omitted, CoxIter will assume that the vertices are labelled with integers from 1 to d. If this line is specified, the format is the following: vertices labels: label1 label2 label3 ...
Following lines: vertex1 vertex2 weight
Remarks:
1. 0 is used to specifiy the weight infinity and 1 is used to specifiy a dotted edge
2. Only one line per edge is sufficient
3. The weight 2 doesn't have to be specified.

Remark about the dimension

If the dimension is not specified in the first line but is needed for the computations (for example for the compacity or finite volume tests), then CoxIter will determine the dimension by looking at the maximal spherical and euclidean graphs. In order to succeed, it is important that the associated polyhedron contains at least one vertex. Therefore, if you don't know this, try to specify the dimension.

Example

The group F₄ can be encoded as follows:

It can also be encoded as follows:

4
vertices labels: t s1 s2 s3
t s1 3
s1 s2 4
s2 s3 3

Parameters of CoxIter

Mandatory parameters

Parameters

-i	Path to the file which encodes the Coxeter graph. Example: -i graphs/graph.coxiter

Basic optional parameters

Parameters

-full	If specified, do almost all the possible computations (except the arithmeticity test): Euler characteristic f-vector Finite volume test Compacity test Growth series Growth rate (if the PARI library is avaliable)
-arithmeticity	If specified, the arithmeticity is tested. Alias: -a Remarks: The group has to be non-cocompact. If the graph contains dotted lines, more tests might be needed (see Example 2).
-compactness	If specified, CoxIter will test the cocompactness. Aliases: -c, -compact, -compacity, -cocompact
-debug	If specified, the following information will be displayed List of the connected euclidean graphs found List of the connected spherical graphs found List of the products of euclidean graphs (with their multiplicities) List of the products of spherical graphs (with their multiplicities) Remarks: If -compactness is given and if the group is not cocompact, the graph which cannot be extended correctly If -fv is given and if the group is not of finite covolume, the graph which cannot be extended correctly Since the output can be huge with this flag, it is suggested to also use -o and -of
-fv	If specified, CoxIter will test whether the group is of finite covolume or not. Alias: -fcv
-g	If specified, CoxIter will compute the growth series. Aliases: -growth, -poincarre
-growthrate	If specified and if the PARI library is avaliable, CoxIter will compute the growth rate.

Advanced parameters

Parameters

-drawgraph	If specified, the Coxeter graph will be written Alias: -dg Require: -o Remark: does not work on Windows. Remark: see example below.
-drop	Label(s) of the vertex(vertices) to drop. With this option, CoxIter will work on a subgraph of the encoded graph. Example: use "-drop 3 -drop s2" to discard vertices 3 and s2 (and all edges starting from these vertices).
-o	Base name for the output Example: "-o graphs/graph" will create files "graphs/graph.output" and "graphs/graph.jpg"
-of	If specified, the output of the program is written in a file (the parameter -o must be given) Alias: -cf Example: by specifying "-cf -o graphs/graph" the output is written in "graphs/graph.output"
-oformat	Format for mathematical output Possible values are: generic, gap, latex, mathematica, pari Example: "-pgm -oformat mathematica" will print the Gram matrix in the Mathematica format Alias: -outputformat Default: generic
-pcg	If specified, the Coxeter graph will be printed For each vertex, a list of its neighbours is displayed
-pgm	If specified, the Gram matrix will be displayed Remark: If the graph contains dotted edges, some variables will be added See: -orformat
-writegraph	If specified, the graph will be written to be used in CoxIter Alias: -wg Require: -o Example: by specifying "-wg -o graphs/graph" the output is written in "graphs/graph.coxiter" Remark: You can combine this option with -drop and -drawgraph to draw a subgraph of an encoded graph.

Technical parameters

Parameters

-nc	If specified, some computations won't be done; they will be displayed to be given to a special software (Maxima, Mathematica, ...) This parameter can be used in order to avoid the use of libraries BigInt and Rational_Numbers in CoxIter.
-nopenmp	If specified, OpenMP (parallel computations) is disabled Alias: -nparallel Use this if you call CoxIter from a parallelized program.

Examples

Example 1

We want to compute the invariants of the cocompact hyperbolic Coxeter group B₈ in H⁸ found by Bugaenko.
We create in the folder "/CoxIter/graphs/" a file named "8-Bugaenko.coxiter" which contains the description of the graph (the 1 is for the dotted line):

We call CoxIter:

./coxiter -i ../graphs/8-Bugaenko.coxiter -full -o ../graphs/8-Bugaenko -dg

The output is the following

Reading file: ../graphs/cocompact/8-Bugaenko.coxiter
    Number of vertices: 11
    Dimension: 8
    Vertices: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11
    Removed vertices:
    Field generated by the entries of the Gram matrix: ?
File read
 
GraphViz command:
    dot -Tjpg -o"../graphs/8-Bugaenko.jpg" "../graphs/8-Bugaenko.graphviz"
 
Finding connected subgraphs......
Finding graphs products......
Computations......
    Computation time: 0.00451964s
 
    Cocompact: yes
    Finite covolume: yes
    f-vector: (41, 164, 316, 374, 294, 156, 54, 11, 1)
    Number of vertices at infinity: 0
    Alternating sum of the components of the f-vector: 0
    Euler characteristic: 24187/8709120000
    Covolume: pi^4 * 24187/57153600000
 
Growth series:
f(x) = C(2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,4,4,4,4,5,5,5,5,6,6,6,6,7,8,8,9,10,10,10,10,12,12,14,15,15,18,20,20,24,30,30)/(1 - 3 * x + 2 * x^2 - 3 * x^3 + 5 * x^4 - 5 * x^5 + 7 * x^6 - 11 * x^7 + 16 * x^8 - 16 * x^9 + 29 * x^10 - 31 * x^11 + 45 * x^12 - 53 * x^13 + 77 * x^14 - 80 * x^15 + 112 * x^16 - 132 * x^17 + 167 * x^18 - 200 * x^19 + 251 * x^20 - 303 * x^21 + 352 * x^22 - 445 * x^23 + 497 * x^24 - 630 * x^25 + 685 * x^26 - 884 * x^27 + 925 * x^28 - 1205 * x^29 + 1247 * x^30 - 1616 * x^31 + 1643 * x^32 - 2131 * x^33 + 2142 * x^34 - 2741 * x^35 + 2755 * x^36 - 3493 * x^37 + 3494 * x^38 - 4366 * x^39 + 4392 * x^40 - 5378 * x^41 + 5433 * x^42 - 6551 * x^43 + 6652 * x^44 - 7840 * x^45 + 8047 * x^46 - 9289 * x^47 + 9600 * x^48 - 10872 * x^49 + 11356 * x^50 - 12552 * x^51 + 13248 * x^52 - 14367 * x^53 + 15285 * x^54 - 16228 * x^55 + 17462 * x^56 - 18147 * x^57 + 19683 * x^58 - 20106 * x^59 + 21992 * x^60 - 22015 * x^61 + 24289 * x^62 - 23906 * x^63 + 26514 * x^64 - 25698 * x^65 + 28690 * x^66 - 27344 * x^67 + 30666 * x^68 - 28872 * x^69 + 32452 * x^70 - 30168 * x^71 + 34028 * x^72 - 31253 * x^73 + 35235 * x^74 - 32110 * x^75 + 36174 * x^76 - 32655 * x^77 + 36748 * x^78 - 32961 * x^79 + 36898 * x^80 - 32961 * x^81 + 36748 * x^82 - 32655 * x^83 + 36174 * x^84 - 32110 * x^85 + 35235 * x^86 - 31253 * x^87 + 34028 * x^88 - 30168 * x^89 + 32452 * x^90 - 28872 * x^91 + 30666 * x^92 - 27344 * x^93 + 28690 * x^94 - 25698 * x^95 + 26514 * x^96 - 23906 * x^97 + 24289 * x^98 - 22015 * x^99 + 21992 * x^100 - 20106 * x^101 + 19683 * x^102 - 18147 * x^103 + 17462 * x^104 - 16228 * x^105 + 15285 * x^106 - 14367 * x^107 + 13248 * x^108 - 12552 * x^109 + 11356 * x^110 - 10872 * x^111 + 9600 * x^112 - 9289 * x^113 + 8047 * x^114 - 7840 * x^115 + 6652 * x^116 - 6551 * x^117 + 5433 * x^118 - 5378 * x^119 + 4392 * x^120 - 4366 * x^121 + 3494 * x^122 - 3493 * x^123 + 2755 * x^124 - 2741 * x^125 + 2142 * x^126 - 2131 * x^127 + 1643 * x^128 - 1616 * x^129 + 1247 * x^130 - 1205 * x^131 + 925 * x^132 - 884 * x^133 + 685 * x^134 - 630 * x^135 + 497 * x^136 - 445 * x^137 + 352 * x^138 - 303 * x^139 + 251 * x^140 - 200 * x^141 + 167 * x^142 - 132 * x^143 + 112 * x^144 - 80 * x^145 + 77 * x^146 - 53 * x^147 + 45 * x^148 - 31 * x^149 + 29 * x^150 - 16 * x^151 + 16 * x^152 - 11 * x^153 + 7 * x^154 - 5 * x^155 + 5 * x^156 - 3 * x^157 + 2 * x^158 - 3 * x^159 + x^160)
 
Growth rate: 2.4229344350859443603937743378406416319
    Perron number: yes
    Pisot number: no
    Salem number: no

We copy the command

dot -Tjpg -o"../graphs/8-Bugaenko.jpg" "../graphs/8-Bugaenko.graphviz"

and we get the following image:

Example 2

We want to check if the following subgroup of Isom H³ is arithmetic:

We encode the graph as follows:

3
vertices labels: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 3
3 4
4 1
5 1
6 1
6 0
6 1
7 1
7 0

We call CoxIter with options to test arithmeticity and print the Gram matrix:

./coxiter -i ../graphs/3-testArithmeticity.coxiter -a -pgm

The output is then the following:

Reading file: ../graphs/3-testArithmeticity.coxiter
    Number of vertices: 7
    Dimension: 3
    Vertices: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
    Removed vertices:
    Field generated by the entries of the Gram matrix: ?
File read
 
Gram matrix (Mathematica):
    {{ 1, -1/2, 0, 0, 0, l0m5, l0m6}, {-1/2, 1, -Sqrt[2]/2, l1m3, 0, 0, 0}, {0, -Sqrt[2]/2, 1, 0, l2m4, 0, -1}, {0, l1m3, 0, 1, 0, -1, 0}, {0, 0, l2m4, 0, 1, l4m5, 0}, {l0m5, 0, 0, -1, l4m5, 1, 0}, {l0m6, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 1}}
 
l1m3: weight of the dotted line between hyperplanes 2 and 4
l2m4: weight of the dotted line between hyperplanes 3 and 5
l0m5: weight of the dotted line between hyperplanes 1 and 6
l4m5: weight of the dotted line between hyperplanes 5 and 6
l0m6: weight of the dotted line between hyperplanes 1 and 7
 
Finding connected subgraphs......
Finding graphs products......
Computations......
    Computation time: 0.000237657s
 
Information
    Cocompact: no
    Finite covolume: ?
    Arithmetic: ? (GRAPH HAS DOTTED EDGE)
    f-vector: (9, 14, 7, 1)
    Number of vertices at infinity: 1
    Alternating sum of the components of the f-vector: 2
    Euler characteristic: 0
 
The group is arithmetic if and only if all the following values lie in Z:
4 * l1m3^2
4 * l2m4^2
4 * l0m5^2
4 * l4m5^2
4 * l0m6^2
2^3 * Sqrt[2] * l2m4 * l4m5 * l0m5
2^2 * Sqrt[2] * l0m6
2^3 * l1m3 * l0m5
2^6 * l1m3 * l4m5 * l2m4 * l0m6
2^5 * Sqrt[2] * l0m5 * l1m3 * l0m6
2^5 * l0m5 * l4m5 * l2m4 * l0m6
2^4 * Sqrt[2] * l2m4 * l4m5 * l1m3

With the values l1m3=-Sqrt[5]/2, l2m4=-Sqrt[2], l0m5=-Sqrt[5], l4m5=-Sqrt[5], l0m6=-Sqrt[2], we see that the group is arithmetic.

Table of Contents

Encoding a Coxeter graph / encoding a Coxeter group

Remark about the dimension

Example

Parameters of CoxIter

Mandatory parameters

Basic optional parameters

Advanced parameters

Technical parameters

Examples

Example 1

Example 2